Pyrometers-Working and Types-Thermo-Electric Pyrometers-Resistance Pyrometers-Radiation Pyrometers-Optical Pyrometers

This article is about Pyrometers. Types of pyrometers (Resistance Pyrometers, Optical Pyrometers, and Radiation Pyrometers) are also explained in detail.

Pyrometers

Pyrometers Instruments that measure high temperatures by running electricity are called pyrometers. It can successfully record or display the temperature in all places where other thermometers can be used under certain conditions. 

Types of Pyrometers

There are four types of Pyrometers.

1. Resistance Pyrometers
2. Thermo-Electric Pyrometers
3. Radiation Pyrometers
4. Optical Pyrometers

1. Resistance Pyrometers

Resistance pyrometers work on the principle that when the temperature of a metal changes, so does the resistance of that metal. For example, if the temperature of a resistance wire made of platinum is changed, its resistance also changes with the ratio of temperature. Thus the change in resistance is measured by the change in temperature.

Construction of Resistance Pyrometer

In the resistance pyrometers, a thin insulated platinum wire is winded on the frame made of mica. Which is enclosed inside a tube made of porcelain or fuse desselica. To make this tube more secure, it is enclosed in a steel tube. (a).

Pyrometers

Figure (b) shows the interconnection of the Whetstone Bridge network and thermometer for measuring temperature. The measuring circuit is connected to the copper wire at a suitable distance from the pyrometer. Changing the temperature also changes the resistance of a copper wire or leads. Which may cause measurement errors. To correct this error, two more wires equal to the size of the wires are pulled from the other arm of the bridge circuit and placed inside the thermometer in the form of a loop. But it is not paired with resistance wire.

The change in temperature causes the resistance of both the original lead and the compensating lead to change over time. Since the two towers are on opposite sides of the network. Therefore, the possibility of error disappears automatically. Also called Platinum Wire Practicing. So that its resistance remains constant even after prolonged use. And prevent changes caused by the strain during use. (The process of cooling metal at a certain rate after heating is called annealing).

Resistance Pyrometer

Working Principle of Resistance Pyrometers

These pyrometers are used with the common type of Whetstone Bridge. If the resistance of the thermometer is low then Calvin Double Bridge is used instead of Whetstone Bridge. The resistance of the thermometer changes with changing temperature.

P and Q are two identical arms of the bridge network. The third arm of the bridge consists of a variable resistance R and compensating leads. The thermometer's platinum resistance coil is attached to the fourth arm of the bridge. There is a slide wire between the third and fourth arms. The bridge is balanced by moving the sliding contact back and forth. For this purpose, the calibration of the slide wire in specific bridges should be done in such a way that it directly reflects the temperature.

When the bridge is balanced, very little current passes through the galvanometer G due to the difference in resistance. The current passing through the galvanometer depends on the change in the resistance of the thermometer as the temperature changes. The deflection of the galvanometer is therefore calibrated in such a way that it reflects the temperature directly on the scale in degrees Celsius.

Applications of Resistance Pyrometers

• Resistance pyrometers are used to measure temperatures up to 900°C (sometimes up to 145°C with intervals).
• They are more expensive than thermoelectric pyrometers. However, provide more accurate readings.

Thermo-Electric Pyrometers

Working Principle of Thermo-Electric Pyrometers

Thermoelectric pyrometers operate under the See-Back effect. According to this principle, if the ends on one side of two different metals are joined together and heated, it is called a hot junction. EMF is produced directly proportional to the difference in temperature at both the junctions. If two leads are taken out of the cold junction and connected to the indicating instrument, i.e. the galvanometer, then this instrument will show the changes in the temperature of the heart junction as compared to the cold. The deflection of the galvanometer is proportional to the EMF of the thermoelectric. The galvanometer is calibrated in such a way that it reflects the temperature directly. This method is used to measure high temperatures.

Thermo-Electric Pyrometer

Construction of Thermo-Electric Pyrometers

This pyrometer uses a thermocouple of iron Constantine material. A sheath is used around the hot junction to protect the thermocouple. The sheath is made of steel or nickel chrome. If a pyrometer is to be used to measure high temperatures, a porcelain or quartz sheet is applied. Sheets of Alundum material are used to measure extreme temperatures. Wires from 0.02 inches to 0.1 inches in diameter are commonly used to make thermocouples. The junction of the thermocouple is made by fusing the dots or twisting both.

Thermo-Electric Pyrometer

Applications of Thermo-Electric Pyrometers

• Thermoelectric pyrometers are used for measuring temperatures of 80 to 2600 C. They measure temperature very quickly or with very little lag.
• These resistors do not provide more accurate readings than a pyrometer.
• Therefore, they are used on a commercial basis for general purposes. However, they are relatively cheap.

Radiation Pyrometers

A radiation pyrometer is used to measure temperature from 1200 C to 3500°C. It is not easy to place a measuring instrument inside a hot body or furnace to measure such a high temperature. Therefore, these pyrometers are used to determine the temperature of a source that is located away from the source but operates on the basis of heat radiated from the source.

Working Principle of Radiation Pyrometers

The pyrometer is designed so that the radiated heat emitted from the hot body (whose temperature is to be determined) is focused on the hot junction of the thermocouple. In this way, all the reflected heat is absorbed by the hot junction. The cold junction is kept permanently at a low temperature. The difference in temperature between the two junctions produces a thermoelectric EMF in the thermocouple. Its value will be equal to one-fourth or fourth (14) power of hot body temperature. This principle is stated by Stephen Boltzmann Law of Radiation:

The effect emitted by a hot black body corresponds to one-fourth of its absolute temperature.

Uses of Radiation Pyrometers

• Radiation pyrometers are commonly used to measure temperatures above 900 ° C.
• These pyrometers can be used in addition to quantifying instruments as well as recording instruments.
• They are mostly used to cover the temperature of the furnace.

See Also: Optical Pyrometers

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